Comparing Models *
F-LE.1, F-LE.2, F-LE.3, F-IF.4, F-BF.1, F-LE.5, S-ID.7, S-ID.8, A-CED.1, A-CED.2, A-CED.3, A-SSE.1: Construct, interpret, and compare linear, quadratic, and exponential models of real data, and use them to describe and interpret the relationships between two variables, including inequalities. Interpret the slope and constant terms of linear models, and use technology to compute and interpret the correlation coefficient of a linear fit. (CDE 2023, 57)
California Department of Education. 2023. Mathematics Framework Chapter 8. Sacramento, CA: California Department of Education.
Big Idea Success Criteria
The categories and their related standards below unpack the success criteria of this big idea.
Primary Standards
- Construct and compare linear, quadratic, and exponential models and solve problems. [Linear and exponential] (F-LE.1–3) (CDE 2013, 92)
- F-LE.1. Distinguish between situations that can be modeled with linear functions and with exponential functions.
- Prove that linear functions grow by equal differences over equal intervals, and that exponential functions grow by equal factors over equal intervals.
- Recognize situations in which one quantity changes at a constant rate per unit interval relative to another.
- Recognize situations in which a quantity grows or decays by a constant percent rate per unit interval relative to another (CDE 2013, 92).
- F-LE.2. Construct linear and exponential functions, including arithmetic and geometric sequences, given a graph, a description of a relationship, or two input-output pairs (include reading these from a table) (CDE 2013, 93).
- F-LE.3. Observe using graphs and tables that a quantity increasing exponentially eventually exceeds a quantity increasing linearly, quadratically, or (more generally) as a polynomial function (CDE 2013, 93).
- F-LE.1. Distinguish between situations that can be modeled with linear functions and with exponential functions.
- Build a function that models a relationship between two quantities. [For F.BF.1, linear and exponential (integer inputs)] (F.BF.1) (CDE 2013, 92)
- F-BF.1. Write a function that describes a relationship between two quantities.
- Determine an explicit expression, a recursive process, or steps for calculation from a context.
- Combine standard function types using arithmetic operations. For example, build a function that models the temperature of a cooling body by adding a constant function to a decaying exponential, and relate these functions to the model (CDE 2013, 92).
- F-BF.1. Write a function that describes a relationship between two quantities.
- Create equations that describe numbers or relationships. [Linear and exponential (integer inputs only); for A.CED.3, linear only] (A-CED.1–3) (CDE 2013, 90)
- A-CED.1. Create equations and inequalities in one variable including ones with absolute value and use them to solve problems. Include equations arising from linear and quadratic functions, and simple rational and exponential functions. CA (CDE 2013, 90)
- A-CDE.2. Create equations in two or more variables to represent relationships between quantities; graph equations on coordinate
axes with labels and scales (CDE 2013, 90). - A-CDE.3. Represent constraints by equations or inequalities, and by systems of equations and/or inequalities, and interpret solutions
as viable or non-viable options in a modeling context. For example, represent inequalities describing nutritional and cost constraints on combinations of different foods (CDE 2013, 90).
*Note: For Mathematics 1, quadratic functions are included in the 2023 Mathematics 1 Big Ideas statement of Comparing Models but are not included in the 2013 standards.
Primary Standards
- Interpret functions that arise in applications in terms of the context. [Linear and exponential* (linear domain)] (F-IF.4) (CDE 2013, 91)
- F-IF.4. For a function that models a relationship between two quantities, interpret key features of graphs and tables in terms of the quantities, and sketch graphs showing key features given a verbal description of the relationship. Key features include: intercepts; intervals where the function is increasing, decreasing, positive, or negative; relative maximums and minimums; symmetries; end behavior; and periodicity (CDE 2013, 91).
- Interpret expressions for functions in terms of the situation they model. [Linear and exponential* of form ] (F-LE.5) (CDE 2013, 93)
- F-LE.5. Relate the domain of a function to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes. For example, if the function h gives the number of person-hours it takes to assemble n engines in a factory, then the positive integers would be an appropriate domain for the function (CDE 2013, 92).
- Interpret linear models. (S-ID.7–8) (CDE 2013, 94)
- S-ID.7. Interpret the slope (rate of change) and the intercept (constant term) of a linear model in the context of the data (CDE 2013, 94).
- S-ID.8. Compute (using technology) and interpret the correlation coefficient of a linear fit (CDE 2013, 94).
- Interpret the structure of expressions. [Linear expressions and exponential* expressions with integer exponents] (A-SSE.1) (CDE 2013, 108)
- A-SSE.1. Interpret expressions that represent a quantity in terms of its context.
- Interpret parts of an expression, such as terms, factors, and coefficients.
- Interpret complicated expressions by viewing one or more of their parts as a single entity. For example, interpret P(1 + r)n as the product of P and a factor not depending on P (CDE 2013, 108).
- A-SSE.1. Interpret expressions that represent a quantity in terms of its context.
*Note: Category 2 includes only linear relationships and not exponential.
California Department of Education. 2013. California Common Core State Standards. Sacramento, CA: California Department of Education.
Alternative Means of Expression
The following options give educators and IEP teams viable alternative means of expression a student could use when showing their understanding of this big idea. Much of the initiative team’s approach to identifying options centered on developing or adopting performance tasks to show what assessment might look like for this big idea.
Remember, LEAs adopt their own policies related to how a student meets the requirements for graduation. Educators and IEP teams should explore these resources with knowledge of these local policies.
General Guidance with Selecting Options for this Big Idea
For both categories in Comparing Models, students can use graphing tools such as Desmos, Geogebra, or a handheld graphing calculator to create the tables, graph results and organize data. After formulating mathematical equations between two variables, they can express their findings, interpretations, and comparisons verbally, in writing, or using a speech-to-text program.
For Category 2, they can use card sorts to match the slope with the proper terms and models. They could also complete a simplified dataset to compute and interpret the correlation coefficient of a linear fit, and then explain the linear relationship using a presentation (e.g. google slides, powerpoint, etc.) or verbal/written descriptions.
Sample Coursework
Project Created Performance Task
Alternate Means of Expression Option 1 is a performance task created by the project team that represents a viable alternate means of expression a school, district, teacher, or IEP team could utilize as an assessment option for this big idea.
Performance Tasks
Alternate Means of Expression Option 2 represent either a single performance task or a set of performance tasks that have been curated from publicly available task repositories that can be used as a viable assessment option.
Card Sort
Alternate Means of Expression Option 3 represent either a single performance tasks or a set of performance tasks that have been curated from publically avaible task repositories that can be used as a viable assessment option.
General Instructions for Completing the Card Sort Independently
- Starting with a card from Set A: Begin by selecting a card from Set A.
- Find its matching card from Set B: Carefully examine the cards in Set B to identify the one that corresponds or matches with the card from Set A.
- Place cards side by side: As you make matches, place the paired cards side by side on a large sheet of paper. Avoid stacking them on top of each other so that you can easily see all your matches and make revisions if needed.
- Explain your thinking: After making a match, take a moment to clearly and carefully explain your thought process. You can do this by writing down your explanation, recording it on a device, or explaining it aloud to yourself.
- Repeat for Set C, D, etc. (if applicable): If the Card Sort includes an additional set of cards, repeat the above steps for this set as well.
Bring Your Own Task (BYOT)
A Call to IEP Teams
We want students’ IEP team members to share their ideas regarding viable alternative means of expression pertaining to this big idea for students with disabilities, including those eligible for the CAA, these teams serve. IEP teams can define viable alternative means of expression for an individual student with an IEP, as long as these mediums meet the local requirements of the coursework.
A Call to Content-based Educators
In addition to IEP teams, we know secondary teachers and district curriculum leads have a wealth of experience and ideas related to innovative ways to assess students’ understanding of this content. We are interested in sample alternative means of expression this community sees as viable assessments of this big idea.
Please use the entry boxes below to share these ideas.
Important Note —These assessment tools will not be shared outside the review of the initiative team and will remain the intellectual property of the users who have made this submission. Furthermore, feedback or comments from the initiative team will not be given to uploaded content, nor does uploading materials imply that the alternative means of expression strategy is a viable option for this big idea.
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